Which president did not use the bible to take the oath of office?

Chief Justice John Roberts administered the oath of office. President Donald Trump did not place his hand on the Bible as he took the oath of office during his inauguration on Monday. First lady Melania Trump stood next to the president holding two Bibles, but the 47th president of the United States didn't place his hand on either as he raised his right hand to take the presidential oath, which Chief Justice John Roberts issued.

Melania Trump was holding her husband's personal Bible, which was given to him by his mother, and the Lincoln Bible that President Abraham Lincoln used to take the oath of office in There is no legal requirement for the president to place his hand on the Bible. Constitution, which covers oaths of office, members of Congress, state legislatures, and executive and judicial officers throughout the country are bound "by oath or affirmation" to support the Constitution.

During his first inauguration on Jan. As Vance took the oath of office, he placed his right hand on a Bible that was held by his wife, Usha Vance, as she also held one of their three children.

Trump inauguration bible

During his presidential campaign, Trump endorsed the "God Bless the USA Bible" that, according to its website, was "inspired by" country singer Lee Greenwood's patriotic ballad. Let's Make America Pray Again. During his inauguration speech on Monday, Trump spoke of God protecting his life when he was shot in the ear in an assassination attempt at a July campaign rally in Butler, Pennsylvania.

I was saved by God to make America great again. Trump is not the first president to take the oath of office without placing his hand on a Bible. At least four presidents took the oath sans the Bible. The nation's sixth president, John Quincy Adams, was sworn into office in while reading a law book, according to the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies.